最小Linux系统编译与运行

环境

win11 WSL2：

busybox编译

wget https://www.busybox.net/downloads/busybox-1.37.0.tar.bz2
bzip2 -d busybox-1.37.0.tar.bz2
tar xvf busybox-1.37.0.tar

cd busybox-1.37.0

Patch

这个版本直接编译aarch64有点问题，需要打一个补丁：

libbb/sha: add missing sha-NI guard

https://lists.busybox.net/pipermail/busybox/2024-September/090899.html

编译

make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- clean
make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- defconfig
make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- menuconfig
# Settings
# --- Build Option
#   [*] Build static binary (no shared libs)
make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- -j$(nproc)
make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- install

创建inittab,rcS和fstab文件

cd _install

mkdir -p dev etc home lib mnt proc root sys tmp var

touch etc/inittab

mkdir -p etc/init.d/
touch etc/init.d/rcS

touch etc/fstab

chmod 755 etc/inittab
chmod 755 etc/init.d/rcS

inittab语法：

<id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>

• id : /dev/id
• runlevels : 忽略
• action : 何时执行，有以下选项 sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait, once,restart, ctrlaltdel, and shutdown
• process : 应用程序或脚本

etc/inittab 写入以下内容

::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
::respawn:-/bin/sh
::askfirst:-/bin/sh
::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r

etc/init.d/rcS写入如下内容：

/bin/mount -a 
mkdir -p /dev/pts
mount -t devpts devpts /dev/pts
if [ -e /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug ]; then
    echo /sbin/mdev > /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
fi
mdev -s

etc/fstab写入如下内容:

#device mount-point type option dump fsck
proc  /proc proc  defaults 0 0
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs defaults 0 0
none  /tmp  ramfs defaults 0 0
sysfs /sys  sysfs defaults 0 0
mdev  /dev  ramfs defaults 0 0

添加设备文件

cd dev
sudo mknod console c 5 1
sudo mknod null c 1 3

打包

cd busybox-1.37.0/_install
find . | cpio -o -H newc | gzip -c > ../initramfs.cpio.gz
cp ../initramfs.cpio.gz ~/tftp

Linux 内核编译

sudo apt-get install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu
sudo apt install libssl-dev

wget https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.10.238.tar.xz
tar xvf linux-5.10.238.tar.xz
cd linux-5.10.238
make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- clean
make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- defconfig
make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- menuconfig

make ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- Image -j$(nproc)

cp arch/arm64/boot/Image ~/tftp

qemu运行

qemu-system-aarch64 \
  -cpu cortex-a57 \
  -m 512M \
  -machine type=virt \
  -nographic \
  -smp 2 \
  -kernel ~/tftp/Image  \
  -initrd ~/tftp/initramfs.cpio.gz   \
  -append "rdinit=/linuxrc console=ttyAMA0" \
  -device virtio-scsi-device

结果：

zhaohang@ZhaoHang:~/kernel/my_arm64_programming$ qemu-system-aarch64 \
  -cpu cortex-a57 \
  -m 512M \
  -machine type=virt \
  -nographic \
  -smp 2 \
  -kernel ~/tftp/Image  \
  -initrd ~/tftp/initramfs.cpio.gz   \
  -append "rdinit=/linuxrc console=ttyAMA0" \
  -device virtio-scsi-device
[    0.000000] Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0000000000 [0x411fd070]
[    0.000000] Linux version 5.10.238 (zhaohang@ZhaoHang) (aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc (Ubuntu 11.4.0-1ubuntu1~22.04) 11.4.0, GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.38) #2 SMP PREEMPT Mon Jun 23 13:01:18 CST 2025
[    0.000000] random: crng init done
[    0.000000] Machine model: linux,dummy-virt
[    0.000000] efi: UEFI not found.
[    0.000000] NUMA: No NUMA configuration found
[    0.000000] NUMA: Faking a node at [mem 0x0000000040000000-0x000000005fffffff]
[    0.000000] NUMA: NODE_DATA [mem 0x5fef4b00-0x5fef6fff]
[    0.000000] Zone ranges:
[    0.000000]   DMA      [mem 0x0000000040000000-0x000000005fffffff]
[    0.000000]   DMA32    empty
[    0.000000]   Normal   empty
[    0.000000] Movable zone start for each node
[    0.000000] Early memory node ranges
[    0.000000]   node   0: [mem 0x0000000040000000-0x000000005fffffff]
[    0.000000] Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x0000000040000000-0x000000005fffffff]
[    0.000000] cma: Reserved 32 MiB at 0x000000005c000000
[    0.000000] psci: probing for conduit method from DT.
[    0.000000] psci: PSCIv1.1 detected in firmware.
[    0.000000] psci: Using standard PSCI v0.2 function IDs
[    0.000000] psci: Trusted OS migration not required
[    0.000000] psci: SMC Calling Convention v1.0
[    0.000000] percpu: Embedded 23 pages/cpu s56664 r8192 d29352 u94208
[    0.000000] Detected PIPT I-cache on CPU0
[    0.000000] CPU features: detected: ARM erratum 832075
[    0.000000] CPU features: detected: ARM erratum 834220
[    0.000000] CPU features: detected: EL2 vector hardening
[    0.000000] CPU features: kernel page table isolation forced ON by KASLR
[    0.000000] CPU features: detected: Kernel page table isolation (KPTI)
[    0.000000] CPU features: detected: Spectre-v2
[    0.000000] CPU features: detected: Spectre-v4
[    0.000000] CPU features: detected: ARM errata 1165522, 1319367, or 1530923
[    0.000000] CPU features: detected: Spectre-BHB
[    0.000000] CPU features: detected: ARM erratum 1742098
[    0.000000] Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on.  Total pages: 129024
[    0.000000] Policy zone: DMA
[    0.000000] Kernel command line: rdinit=/linuxrc console=ttyAMA0
[    0.000000] Dentry cache hash table entries: 65536 (order: 7, 524288 bytes, linear)
[    0.000000] Inode-cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 6, 262144 bytes, linear)
[    0.000000] mem auto-init: stack:off, heap alloc:off, heap free:off
[    0.000000] Memory: 439372K/524288K available (14464K kernel code, 2810K rwdata, 7632K rodata, 5952K init, 512K bss, 52148K reserved, 32768K cma-reserved)
[    0.000000] SLUB: HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=2, Nodes=1
[    0.000000] rcu: Preemptible hierarchical RCU implementation.
[    0.000000] rcu:     RCU event tracing is enabled.
[    0.000000] rcu:     RCU restricting CPUs from NR_CPUS=256 to nr_cpu_ids=2.
[    0.000000]  Trampoline variant of Tasks RCU enabled.
[    0.000000] rcu: RCU calculated value of scheduler-enlistment delay is 25 jiffies.
[    0.000000] rcu: Adjusting geometry for rcu_fanout_leaf=16, nr_cpu_ids=2
[    0.000000] NR_IRQS: 64, nr_irqs: 64, preallocated irqs: 0
[    0.000000] GICv2m: range[mem 0x08020000-0x08020fff], SPI[80:143]
[    0.000000] arch_timer: cp15 timer(s) running at 62.50MHz (virt).
[    0.000000] clocksource: arch_sys_counter: mask: 0xffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x1cd42e208c, max_idle_ns: 881590405314 ns
[    0.000135] sched_clock: 56 bits at 62MHz, resolution 16ns, wraps every 4398046511096ns
[    0.005145] Console: colour dummy device 80x25
[    0.006576] Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 125.00 BogoMIPS (lpj=250000)
[    0.006668] pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
[    0.007333] LSM: Security Framework initializing
[    0.008050] Mount-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 1, 8192 bytes, linear)
[    0.008075] Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 1, 8192 bytes, linear)
[    0.025711] /cpus/cpu-map: empty cluster
[    0.030337] rcu: Hierarchical SRCU implementation.
[    0.032757] EFI services will not be available.
[    0.033350] smp: Bringing up secondary CPUs ...
[    0.036124] Detected PIPT I-cache on CPU1
[    0.036589] CPU1: Booted secondary processor 0x0000000001 [0x411fd070]
[    0.038611] smp: Brought up 1 node, 2 CPUs
[    0.038641] SMP: Total of 2 processors activated.
[    0.038684] CPU features: detected: 32-bit EL0 Support
[    0.038732] CPU features: detected: CRC32 instructions
[    0.038761] CPU features: detected: 32-bit EL1 Support
[    0.087011] CPU: All CPU(s) started at EL1
[    0.087320] alternatives: patching kernel code
[    0.100786] devtmpfs: initialized
[    0.106839] KASLR enabled
[    0.107566] clocksource: jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 7645041785100000 ns
[    0.107783] futex hash table entries: 512 (order: 3, 32768 bytes, linear)
[    0.110482] pinctrl core: initialized pinctrl subsystem
[    0.117149] DMI not present or invalid.
[    0.123022] NET: Registered protocol family 16
[    0.130687] DMA: preallocated 128 KiB GFP_KERNEL pool for atomic allocations
[    0.130888] DMA: preallocated 128 KiB GFP_KERNEL|GFP_DMA pool for atomic allocations
[    0.131032] DMA: preallocated 128 KiB GFP_KERNEL|GFP_DMA32 pool for atomic allocations
[    0.131170] audit: initializing netlink subsys (disabled)
[    0.132726] audit: type=2000 audit(0.124:1): state=initialized audit_enabled=0 res=1
[    0.135229] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'step_wise'
[    0.135284] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'power_allocator'
[    0.135718] cpuidle: using governor menu
[    0.136329] hw-breakpoint: found 6 breakpoint and 4 watchpoint registers.
[    0.136815] ASID allocator initialised with 32768 entries
[    0.139125] Serial: AMBA PL011 UART driver
[    0.165966] 9000000.pl011: ttyAMA0 at MMIO 0x9000000 (irq = 47, base_baud = 0) is a PL011 rev1
[    0.256055] printk: console [ttyAMA0] enabled
[    0.275753] HugeTLB registered 1.00 GiB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
[    0.276425] HugeTLB registered 32.0 MiB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
[    0.278075] HugeTLB registered 2.00 MiB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
[    0.279114] HugeTLB registered 64.0 KiB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
[    0.287377] cryptd: max_cpu_qlen set to 1000
[    0.295509] ACPI: Interpreter disabled.
[    0.298412] iommu: Default domain type: Translated
[    0.299715] vgaarb: loaded
[    0.300806] SCSI subsystem initialized
[    0.302702] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
[    0.303416] usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
[    0.303948] usbcore: registered new device driver usb
[    0.305361] pps_core: LinuxPPS API ver. 1 registered
[    0.305774] pps_core: Software ver. 5.3.6 - Copyright 2005-2007 Rodolfo Giometti <giometti@linux.it>
[    0.306671] PTP clock support registered
[    0.307422] EDAC MC: Ver: 3.0.0
[    0.311302] FPGA manager framework
[    0.312553] Advanced Linux Sound Architecture Driver Initialized.
[    0.320481] clocksource: Switched to clocksource arch_sys_counter
[    0.321721] VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.6.0
[    0.322248] VFS: Dquot-cache hash table entries: 512 (order 0, 4096 bytes)
[    0.325830] pnp: PnP ACPI: disabled
[    0.352101] NET: Registered protocol family 2
[    0.353501] IP idents hash table entries: 8192 (order: 4, 65536 bytes, linear)
[    0.357091] tcp_listen_portaddr_hash hash table entries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes, linear)
[    0.357844] TCP established hash table entries: 4096 (order: 3, 32768 bytes, linear)
[    0.358536] TCP bind hash table entries: 4096 (order: 4, 65536 bytes, linear)
[    0.359240] TCP: Hash tables configured (established 4096 bind 4096)
[    0.360804] UDP hash table entries: 256 (order: 1, 8192 bytes, linear)
[    0.361461] UDP-Lite hash table entries: 256 (order: 1, 8192 bytes, linear)
[    0.362658] NET: Registered protocol family 1
[    0.366482] RPC: Registered named UNIX socket transport module.
[    0.366894] RPC: Registered udp transport module.
[    0.367151] RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
[    0.367596] RPC: Registered tcp NFSv4.1 backchannel transport module.
[    0.368532] PCI: CLS 0 bytes, default 64
[    0.371336] Unpacking initramfs...
[    0.423234] Freeing initrd memory: 1156K
[    0.425734] hw perfevents: enabled with armv8_pmuv3 PMU driver, 7 counters available
[    0.426386] kvm [1]: HYP mode not available
[    0.438866] Initialise system trusted keyrings
[    0.441323] workingset: timestamp_bits=42 max_order=17 bucket_order=0
[    0.449648] squashfs: version 4.0 (2009/01/31) Phillip Lougher
[    0.451781] NFS: Registering the id_resolver key type
[    0.452635] Key type id_resolver registered
[    0.452872] Key type id_legacy registered
[    0.453347] nfs4filelayout_init: NFSv4 File Layout Driver Registering...
[    0.453801] nfs4flexfilelayout_init: NFSv4 Flexfile Layout Driver Registering...
[    0.454953] 9p: Installing v9fs 9p2000 file system support
[    0.485329] Key type asymmetric registered
[    0.486010] Asymmetric key parser 'x509' registered
[    0.486459] Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 245)
[    0.486881] io scheduler mq-deadline registered
[    0.487275] io scheduler kyber registered
[    0.498447] pl061_gpio 9030000.pl061: PL061 GPIO chip registered
[    0.501854] pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie: host bridge /pcie@10000000 ranges:
[    0.502917] pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie:       IO 0x003eff0000..0x003effffff -> 0x0000000000
[    0.503846] pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie:      MEM 0x0010000000..0x003efeffff -> 0x0010000000
[    0.504662] pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie:      MEM 0x8000000000..0xffffffffff -> 0x8000000000
[    0.505854] pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie: ECAM at [mem 0x4010000000-0x401fffffff] for [bus 00-ff]
[    0.507028] pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie: PCI host bridge to bus 0000:00
[    0.507648] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [bus 00-ff]
[    0.508176] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io  0x0000-0xffff]
[    0.509569] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x10000000-0x3efeffff]
[    0.511529] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x8000000000-0xffffffffff]
[    0.513307] pci 0000:00:00.0: [1b36:0008] type 00 class 0x060000
[    0.515919] pci 0000:00:01.0: [1af4:1000] type 00 class 0x020000
[    0.517340] pci 0000:00:01.0: reg 0x10: [io  0x0000-0x001f]
[    0.517754] pci 0000:00:01.0: reg 0x14: [mem 0x00000000-0x00000fff]
[    0.518388] pci 0000:00:01.0: reg 0x20: [mem 0x00000000-0x00003fff 64bit pref]
[    0.518923] pci 0000:00:01.0: reg 0x30: [mem 0x00000000-0x0003ffff pref]
[    0.521212] pci 0000:00:01.0: BAR 6: assigned [mem 0x10000000-0x1003ffff pref]
[    0.522137] pci 0000:00:01.0: BAR 4: assigned [mem 0x8000000000-0x8000003fff 64bit pref]
[    0.523076] pci 0000:00:01.0: BAR 1: assigned [mem 0x10040000-0x10040fff]
[    0.523801] pci 0000:00:01.0: BAR 0: assigned [io  0x1000-0x101f]
[    0.528448] EINJ: ACPI disabled.
[    0.542283] virtio-pci 0000:00:01.0: enabling device (0000 -> 0003)
[    0.554485] Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 4 ports, IRQ sharing enabled
[    0.558302] SuperH (H)SCI(F) driver initialized
[    0.559486] msm_serial: driver initialized
[    0.561993] cacheinfo: Unable to detect cache hierarchy for CPU 0
[    0.575536] loop: module loaded
[    0.577188] megasas: 07.714.04.00-rc1
[    0.581247] physmap-flash 0.flash: physmap platform flash device: [mem 0x00000000-0x03ffffff]
[    0.583156] 0.flash: Found 2 x16 devices at 0x0 in 32-bit bank. Manufacturer ID 0x000000 Chip ID 0x000000
[    0.584568] Intel/Sharp Extended Query Table at 0x0031
[    0.585746] Using buffer write method
[    0.586466] physmap-flash 0.flash: physmap platform flash device: [mem 0x04000000-0x07ffffff]
[    0.587833] 0.flash: Found 2 x16 devices at 0x0 in 32-bit bank. Manufacturer ID 0x000000 Chip ID 0x000000
[    0.589950] Intel/Sharp Extended Query Table at 0x0031
[    0.590679] Using buffer write method
[    0.591154] Concatenating MTD devices:
[    0.591566] (0): "0.flash"
[    0.591870] (1): "0.flash"
[    0.592172] into device "0.flash"
[    0.639324] tun: Universal TUN/TAP device driver, 1.6
[    0.648697] thunder_xcv, ver 1.0
[    0.649091] thunder_bgx, ver 1.0
[    0.649532] nicpf, ver 1.0
[    0.651118] hclge is initializing
[    0.651699] hns3: Hisilicon Ethernet Network Driver for Hip08 Family - version
[    0.652969] hns3: Copyright (c) 2017 Huawei Corporation.
[    0.654822] e1000: Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Driver
[    0.655566] e1000: Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Intel Corporation.
[    0.656421] e1000e: Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Driver
[    0.657100] e1000e: Copyright(c) 1999 - 2015 Intel Corporation.
[    0.657828] igb: Intel(R) Gigabit Ethernet Network Driver
[    0.658543] igb: Copyright (c) 2007-2014 Intel Corporation.
[    0.659076] igbvf: Intel(R) Gigabit Virtual Function Network Driver
[    0.659905] igbvf: Copyright (c) 2009 - 2012 Intel Corporation.
[    0.661636] sky2: driver version 1.30
[    0.663482] VFIO - User Level meta-driver version: 0.3
[    0.666363] ehci_hcd: USB 2.0 'Enhanced' Host Controller (EHCI) Driver
[    0.666801] ehci-pci: EHCI PCI platform driver
[    0.667200] ehci-platform: EHCI generic platform driver
[    0.667555] ehci-orion: EHCI orion driver
[    0.668162] ehci-exynos: EHCI Exynos driver
[    0.669422] ohci_hcd: USB 1.1 'Open' Host Controller (OHCI) Driver
[    0.670008] ohci-pci: OHCI PCI platform driver
[    0.670583] ohci-platform: OHCI generic platform driver
[    0.671027] ohci-exynos: OHCI Exynos driver
[    0.672066] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
[    0.678548] rtc-pl031 9010000.pl031: registered as rtc0
[    0.679438] rtc-pl031 9010000.pl031: setting system clock to 2025-06-23T05:12:11 UTC (1750655531)
[    0.680812] i2c /dev entries driver
[    0.687138] sdhci: Secure Digital Host Controller Interface driver
[    0.687486] sdhci: Copyright(c) Pierre Ossman
[    0.688175] Synopsys Designware Multimedia Card Interface Driver
[    0.689770] sdhci-pltfm: SDHCI platform and OF driver helper
[    0.691932] ledtrig-cpu: registered to indicate activity on CPUs
[    0.694429] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid
[    0.694654] usbhid: USB HID core driver
[    0.700987] NET: Registered protocol family 17
[    0.702090] 9pnet: Installing 9P2000 support
[    0.702525] Key type dns_resolver registered
[    0.703492] registered taskstats version 1
[    0.703776] Loading compiled-in X.509 certificates
[    0.710892] input: gpio-keys as /devices/platform/gpio-keys/input/input0
[    0.714806] clk: Disabling unused clocks
[    0.715339] ALSA device list:
[    0.715654]   No soundcards found.
[    0.718941] uart-pl011 9000000.pl011: no DMA platform data
[    0.752373] Freeing unused kernel memory: 5952K
[    0.753454] Run /linuxrc as init process

Please press Enter to activate this console.
~ #
~ # ls
bin      etc      lib      mnt      root     sys      usr
dev      home     linuxrc  proc     sbin     tmp      var

ctrl-a x退出qemu